Biography
Dr. Marion Peters is a Professor of Medicine and holds the John V. Carbone, M.D., Endowed Chair in Medicine. She is also Chief of Hepatology Research. Dr. Peters is especially interested in the immunology of chronic liver diseases, particularly viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Her research activities include studies of transgenic mouse models of liver specific T cell responses, HIV and HCV coinfection, and alcohol and HCV infection.
Dr. Peters graduated from Melbourne University Medical School, Australia in 1972. She trained in gastroenterology, hepatology and immunology at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, University of Southern California and National Institutes of Health. She was Chief of Hepatology and medical director of Liver Transplantation at Washington University School of Medicine from 1985 to 1998.
Education
Melbourne University Medical School, Melbourne, Australia, M.B.B.S., 1972, Medicine
St. Vincent's Hospital Medical School, Melbourne, Australia, Medicine
Melbourne University, M.D., 1991, Medicine/Immunology
1973-76 Resident and Registrar in Internal Medicine, St.Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
1976-77 Clinical Research Registrar to Dr. I. R. Mackay, Royal Melbourne Hospital and The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
1977-78 Gastroenterology Registrar, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
1978-80 Clinical Research Fellow in Hepatology to Dr. T. B. Reynolds, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
1980-83 Visiting Fogarty Fellow to Dr. A.S. Fauci, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD
1983-85 Visiting Staff Fellow to Liver Diseases Section, National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
Board Certifications
American Board of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine
Clinical Expertise
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Benign Liver Tumors
Cirrhosis
Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver Cancer)
Live Donor Liver Transplantation
Liver Transplantation
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Clinical Trials
- Nitazoxanide Plus Ribavirin and Peginterferon for Therapy of Treatment Naive HCV Genotype 1 and HIV Coinfected Subjects (NCT00991289)Related Conditions: HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis| Start Date: | End Date:
- A Comparison of Adefovir and Tenofovir for the Treatment of Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus in People With HIV (NCT00033163)Related Conditions: HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis| Start Date: | End Date:
Program Affiliations
UCSF Liver Center
Member, UCSF Immunology Graduate Program
UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
Grants and Funding
- UCSF Liver Center | NIH | 1985-07-01 - 2023-05-31 | Role: Co-Investigator
- NRSA Hepatology Training Grant | NIH | 2001-12-01 - 2022-06-30 | Role: Co-Principal Investigator
- HIV status and reproductive aging affect liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV infected women | NIH | 2010-03-15 - 2013-02-28 | Role: Principal Investigator
- General Clinical Research Center | NIH | 1974-12-01 - 2009-03-31 | Role: Co-Investigator
- GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER | NIH | 1974-10-01 - 2009-03-31 | Role: Co-Investigator
- HCV &ALCHOOL-- EPIDEMIOLOGY &HOST-VIRUS CORRELATES | NIH | 2000-09-30 - 2006-07-31 | Role: Principal Investigator
- INTESTINAL IMMUNE RESPONSE INFLAMMATORY BOWL DISEASE | NIH | 1995-09-30 - 2001-08-31 | Role: Principal Investigator
- INTESTINAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | NIH | 1991-06-25 - 1995-10-31 | Role: Principal Investigator
Research Narrative
My major interest is in viral hepatitis and the role of the host immune response. My work focuses on interactions among alcohol use, cannabis use and HIV co-infection on fibrotic outcomes of HCV infection. We are currently evaluating the predictors of progression of liver disease in HIV and HCV coinfected women within the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS): the role of alcohol, cannabis, HIV status and control as well as reproductive aging on the severity and rate of progression of liver disease.
We are also studying adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV/HCV co-infected women and on HCV-specific and innate immune responses in persons co-infected with HCV and HIV. I work within the AIDS Clinical Trial Group to develop clinical trials in viral hepatitis and HIV and within the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) to examine predictors of liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of women with HIV/HCV infection.
Research Interests
Liver Injury and Repair
Viral hepatitis and the role of the host immune response.
Publications
- Chronic Hepatitis B Finite Treatment: similar and different concerns with new drug classes.| | View in PubMed
- Design and analysis considerations for early phase clinical trials in hepatitis B (HBV) cure research: the ACTG A5394 study in persons with both HIV and HBV.| | View in PubMed
- Comparison of Antiretroviral Therapies in Pregnant Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.| | View in PubMed
- Adverse Impact of HIV-1 on Long-term Outcomes Following HCV DAA Treatment: Final Results of ACTG A5320, the Viral Hepatitis C Infection Long-term Cohort Study (VHICS).| | View in PubMed
- Hepatocellular carcinoma presentation and prognosis among Nigerian adults with and without HIV.| | View in PubMed
- Introducing Norah Terrault, MD, MPH, Our 2023 AASLD President.| | View in PubMed
- Brief Report: Impact of Antiretroviral Regimen on Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in Women With HIV/ HBV Coinfection.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B RNA changes in HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infected participants receiving hepatitis B virus-active antiretroviral therapy.| | View in PubMed
- Continued Low Rates of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Recurrence in HCV/HIV- and HCV-Infected Participants Who Achieved Sustained Virologic Response After Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment: Final Results From the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5320 Viral Hepatitis| | View in PubMed
- Treatment Algorithm for Managing Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: 2021 Update.| | View in PubMed
- Decreases in markers of monocyte/macrophage activation after hepatitis C eradication in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected women.| | View in PubMed
- Risk of HCC With Hepatitis B Viremia Among HIV/HBV-Coinfected Persons in North America.| | View in PubMed
- A Multiancestry Sex-Stratified Genome-Wide Association Study of Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatotoxicity and Liver-Related Mortality in Women of Childbearing Potential Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and High CD4 Cell Counts Initiating Efavirenz-Containing Regimens.| | View in PubMed
- Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Risk Among Persons With HIV in the US and Canada, 1996-2015.| | View in PubMed
- Retrospective-prospective study of safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antivirals in HIV/HCV-coinfected participants with decompensated liver disease pre- or post-liver transplant.| | View in PubMed
- Correction: Multi-ancestry fine mapping of interferon lambda and the outcome of acute hepatitis C virus infection.| | View in PubMed
- Multi-ancestry fine mapping of interferon lambda and the outcome of acute hepatitis C virus infection.| | View in PubMed
- Association Between Seroclearance of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.| | View in PubMed
- The Pathogenesis of Liver Disease in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The Emerging Role of the Microbiome.| | View in PubMed
- HCV treatment barriers among HIV/HCV co-infected patients in the US: a qualitative study to understand low uptake among marginalized populations in the DAA era.| | View in PubMed
- Determinants of Liver Complications Among HIV/Hepatitis B Virus-Coinfected Patients.| | View in PubMed
- HIV and the liver.| | View in PubMed
- Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for 8 Weeks to Treat Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Sofosbuvir-Containing Regimens Without Interferon for Treatment of Acute HCV in HIV-1 Infected Individuals.| | View in PubMed
- Metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis occur at lower body mass index in US Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B.| | View in PubMed
- Screening and Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Reactivation: Introduction and Immunology.| | View in PubMed
- Screening and Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Reactivation: Patients with Hematological and Solid Tumor Malignancies.| | View in PubMed
- Screening and Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Reactivation: Transplant Recipients.| | View in PubMed
- Screening and Prophylaxis to Prevent Hepatitis B Reactivation: Other Populations and Newer Agents.| | View in PubMed
- Post-sustained Virologic Response Liver Stiffness May Underestimate Fibrosis After Direct Acting Antiviral-containing Therapy.| | View in PubMed
- Long-Term Use of Azathioprine in the Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis.| | View in PubMed
- Therapeutic trials of biologics in primary biliary cholangitis: An open label study of abatacept and review of the literature.| | View in PubMed
- Direct-acting antiviral treatment for HIV/HCV patients in safety net settings: patient and provider preferences.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis B Virus Infection: What Is Current and New.| | View in PubMed
- Cost-effectiveness of Hepatitis B Virus Infection Screening and Treatment or Vaccination in 6 High-risk Populations in the United States.| | View in PubMed
- Multi-Ancestry Genome-Wide Association Study of Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus.| | View in PubMed
- Universal Screening of Pregnant Women for Hepatitis C: The Time Is Now.| | View in PubMed
- Risk of HBV reactivation in patients with B-cell lymphomas receiving obinutuzumab or rituximab immunochemotherapy.| | View in PubMed
- A Tough Egg to Crack.| | View in PubMed
- Effects of sofosbuvir-based hepatitis C treatment on the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis B virus infection.| | View in PubMed
- Similar Low Rates of HCV Recurrence in HCV/HIV- and HCV-Infected Participants who Achieved SVR After DAA Treatment: Interim Results From the ACTG A5320 Viral Hepatitis C Infection Long-term Cohort Study (V-HICS).| | View in PubMed
- An Assessment of the Clinical Accuracy of Ultrasound in Diagnosing Cirrhosis in the Absence of Portal Hypertension.| | View in PubMed
- Contribution of Liver Fibrosis and Microbial Translocation to Immune Activation in Persons Infected With HIV and/or Hepatitis C Virus.| | View in PubMed
- Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and subsequent HIV viral load among women with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy.| | View in PubMed
- Macrophage Activation and the Tumor Necrosis Factor Cascade in Hepatitis C Disease Progression Among HIV-Infected Women Participating in the Women's Interagency HIV Study.| | View in PubMed
- Moderate Alcohol Use Is Not Associated With Fibrosis Progression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.| | View in PubMed
- Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease: A comprehensive update.| | View in PubMed
- Reproductive Aging and Hepatic Fibrosis Progression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Women.| | View in PubMed
- Controlled attenuation parameter and magnetic resonance spectroscopy-measured liver steatosis are discordant in obese HIV-infected adults.| | View in PubMed
- The effect of HIV infection and HCV viremia on inflammatory mediators and hepatic injury-The Women's Interagency HIV Study.| | View in PubMed
- Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Pregnant Women.| | View in PubMed
- New Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents and Immunomodulators for Hepatitis B Virus Infection.| | View in PubMed
- Use of Current and New Endpoints in the Evaluation of Experimental Hepatitis B Therapeutics.| | View in PubMed
- Sofosbuvir Plus Ribavirin Without Interferon for Treatment of Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection in HIV-1-Infected Individuals: SWIFT-C.| | View in PubMed
- Histology Rings True.| | View in PubMed
- Human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected adults with non-genotype 3 hepatitis C virus have less hepatic steatosis than adults with neither infection.| | View in PubMed
- Sonography Predicts Liver Steatosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B.| | View in PubMed
- Sex differences in the association of HIV infection with hepatic steatosis.| | View in PubMed
- Autoimmune hepatitis: review of histologic features included in the simplified criteria proposed by the international autoimmune hepatitis group and proposal for new histologic criteria.| | View in PubMed
- Advancing the regulatory path on hepatitis B virus treatment and curative research: a stakeholders consultation.| | View in PubMed
- Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: What is missing?| | View in PubMed
- Risk of End-Stage Liver Disease in HIV-Viral Hepatitis Coinfected Persons in North America From the Early to Modern Antiretroviral Therapy Eras.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatic fibrosis and immune phenotype vary by HCV viremia in HCV/HIV co-infected subjects: A Women's interagency HIV study.| | View in PubMed
- Isolated Hepatitis B Core Antibody Status Is Not Associated With Accelerated Liver Disease Progression in HIV/Hepatitis C Coinfection.| | View in PubMed
- Liver Fibrosis Linked to Cognitive Performance in HIV and Hepatitis C.| | View in PubMed
- Marijuana Use Is Not Associated With Progression to Advanced Liver Fibrosis in HIV/Hepatitis C Virus-coinfected Women.| | View in PubMed
- Use of Palliative Care Consultation for Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease: Survey of Liver Transplant Service Providers.| | View in PubMed
- Interferon Stimulated Gene Expression in HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients Treated with Nitazoxanide/Peginterferon-Alfa-2a and Ribavirin.| | View in PubMed
- Enhanced liver fibrosis marker as a noninvasive predictor of mortality in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected women from a multicenter study of women with or at risk for HIV.| | View in PubMed
- Acute and Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected U.S. Women.| | View in PubMed
- Association of HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Liver Fibrosis Severity With the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Score.| | View in PubMed
- Interferon Lambda 4 Genotype Is Not Associated with Recurrence of Oral or Genital Herpes.| | View in PubMed
- Association of HIV, hepatitis C virus and liver fibrosis severity with interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels.| | View in PubMed
- A Treatment Algorithm for the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: 2015 Update.| | View in PubMed
- Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in sub-Saharan Africa: time to act.| | View in PubMed
- Turnover rates of hepatic collagen and circulating collagen-associated proteins in humans with chronic liver disease.| | View in PubMed
- Direct and Indirect Serum Markers of Liver Fibrosis Compared with Transient Elastography among Women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study.| | View in PubMed
- Survey of Asian patients with hepatitis B infection: limited knowledge of transmission and screening of family members.| | View in PubMed
- Association of chronic hepatitis C infection with T-cell phenotypes in HIV-negative and HIV-positive women.| | View in PubMed
- Advances in therapy for HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients in the liver transplant setting.| | View in PubMed
- Characteristics and management of patients with chronic hepatitis B in an integrated care setting.| | View in PubMed
- Addition of nitazoxanide to PEG-IFN and ribavirin to improve HCV treatment response in HIV-1 and HCV genotype 1 coinfected persons naïve to HCV therapy: results of the ACTG A5269 trial.| | View in PubMed
- Liver disease in women: the influence of gender on epidemiology, natural history, and patient outcomes.| | View in PubMed
- Association of the IFNL4-ΔG Allele With Impaired Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus.| | View in PubMed
- Age-dependent hepatic lymphoid organization directs successful immunity to hepatitis B.| | View in PubMed
- Association of HIV infection, hepatitis C virus infection, and metabolic factors with liver stiffness measured by transient elastography.| | View in PubMed
- Suppression of HBV by tenofovir in HBV/HIV coinfected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.| | View in PubMed
- Microbial translocation and liver disease progression in women coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis C viremia is associated with cytomegalovirus IgG antibody levels in HIV-infected women.| | View in PubMed
- Genome-wide association study of spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C virus infection: data from multiple cohorts.| | View in PubMed
- Racial/ethnic differences in spontaneous HCV clearance in HIV infected and uninfected women.| | View in PubMed
- Lower liver-related death in African-American women with human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection, compared to Caucasian and Hispanic women.| | View in PubMed
- Untreated HIV infection is associated with higher blood alcohol levels.| | View in PubMed
- Assessing mortality in women with hepatitis C virus and HIV using indirect markers of fibrosis.| | View in PubMed
- Provisional guidance on the use of hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors for treatment of hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons.| | View in PubMed
- Effects of hepatitis C and HIV on cognition in women: data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study.| | View in PubMed
- Validation and modification of simplified diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis in children.| | View in PubMed
- Challenges and opportunities for hepatitis C drug development in HIV-hepatitis C virus-co-infected patients.| | View in PubMed
- Resistance patterns and response to entecavir intensification among HIV-HBV-coinfected adults with persistent HBV viremia.| | View in PubMed
- The relation of HLA genotype to hepatitis C viral load and markers of liver fibrosis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatic stellate cells regulate immune response by way of induction of myeloid suppressor cells in mice.| | View in PubMed
- Sustained long-term antiviral maintenance therapy in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients (SLAM-C).| | View in PubMed
- Adipose tissue and metabolic factors associated with steatosis in HIV/HCV coinfection: histology versus magnetic resonance spectroscopy.| | View in PubMed
- Complement mediated hepatocytes injury in a model of autoantibody induced hepatitis.| | View in PubMed
- Large-scale candidate gene analysis of spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus.| | View in PubMed
- Specific human leukocyte antigen class I and II alleles associated with hepatitis C virus viremia.| | View in PubMed
- Entering the new era of therapy for HBV and HCV infections.| | View in PubMed
- Recommendations for prevention, screening, and diagnosis of HBV and HCV infections.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies complexity and selection in HCV/HIV-coinfected subjects treated with interferon-based regimens.| | View in PubMed
- End-stage liver disease in HIV disease.| | View in PubMed
- Long-term serologic follow-up of isolated hepatitis B core antibody in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women.| | View in PubMed
- Special populations with hepatitis B virus infection.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis C seropositivity and kidney function decline among women with HIV: data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study.| | View in PubMed
- New therapies for hepatitis C virus infection.| | View in PubMed
- Fourth HIV & Hepatitis Coinfection Workshop; June 19-21, 2008; Madrid, Spain.| | View in PubMed
- Risk factors for hepatitis B infection in rural Vietnam.| | View in PubMed
- Prediction of clinical outcomes in primary biliary cirrhosis by serum enhanced liver fibrosis assay.| | View in PubMed
- Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: an intention-to-treat analysis.| | View in PubMed
- Care of HIV patients with chronic hepatitis B: updated recommendations from the HIV-Hepatitis B Virus International Panel.| | View in PubMed
- The challenge of diagnosing autoimmune hepatitis: less is more.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis resulting from liver-specific expression and recognition of self-antigen.| | View in PubMed
- The insulin-like growth factor axis and risk of liver disease in hepatitis C virus/HIV-co-infected women.| | View in PubMed
- Influence of cannabis use on severity of hepatitis C disease.| | View in PubMed
- Diagnosis and management of hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection.| | View in PubMed
- Role of alphavbeta6 integrin in acute biliary fibrosis.| | View in PubMed
- Awareness of hepatitis C infection among women with and at risk for HIV.| | View in PubMed
- Differences between Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in the United States.| | View in PubMed
- Prevalence and long-term effects of occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected women.| | View in PubMed
- Chronic hepatitis B: a global health problem requiring coherent worldwide treatment strategies.| | View in PubMed
- HIV and liver disease forum: conference proceedings.| | View in PubMed
- Care of patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus: 2007 updated recommendations from the HCV-HIV International Panel.| | View in PubMed
- Hematologic toxicity associated with interferon-based hepatitis C therapy in HIV type 1-coinfected subjects.| | View in PubMed
- Isolated hepatitis B core antibody is associated with HIV and ongoing but not resolved hepatitis C virus infection in a cohort of US women.| | View in PubMed
- Viral hepatitis in HIV infection.| | View in PubMed
- Viral factors associated with cytokine expression during HCV/HIV co-infection.| | View in PubMed
- Effects of HCV treatment on cytokine expression during HCV/HIV coinfection.| | View in PubMed
- Randomized controlled study of tenofovir and adefovir in chronic hepatitis B virus and HIV infection: ACTG A5127.| | View in PubMed
- Novel model of antigen-specific induction of bile duct injury.| | View in PubMed
- De novo malignancies following liver transplantation: a case-control study with long-term follow-up.| | View in PubMed
- Eosinophilic hepatitis caused by lamotrigine.| | View in PubMed
- Relationships between cellular immune responses and treatment outcomes with interferon and ribavirin in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection.| | View in PubMed
- Chronic hepatitis B: a critical appraisal of current approaches to therapy.| | View in PubMed
- Clinical presentation and course of acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-infected patients.| | View in PubMed
- Methotrexate (MTX) plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis.| | View in PubMed
- Recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis: peritransplant factors and ursodeoxycholic acid treatment post-liver transplant.| | View in PubMed
- Managing hepatitis B coinfection in HIV-infected patients.| | View in PubMed
- Antigen-specific immune responses and liver histology in HIV and hepatitis C coinfection.| | View in PubMed
- Viral kinetics in hepatitis C or hepatitis C/human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.| | View in PubMed
- Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons.| | View in PubMed
- Antiviral therapy: nucleotide and nucleoside analogs.| | View in PubMed
- Prolonged follow-up of patients in the U.S. multicenter trial of ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis.| | View in PubMed
- Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.| | View in PubMed
- Hepatitis C and alcohol: fundamental and translational research directions.| | View in PubMed
- Detection of primary hepatic malignancy in liver transplant candidates: prospective comparison of CT, MR imaging, US, and PET.| | View in PubMed
- Animal models of autoimmune liver disease.| | View in PubMed